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On May 25, 2000, Surgeon General David Satcher released Oral Health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General, the 51st Surgeon General's report issued since 1964, when Luther Terry issued his landmark report on tobacco and health. These reports have helped frame the science on vital health issues in a way that have helped educate, motivate and mobilize the public to more effectively deal with those issues.
Click here to read the report

1. Beck J, Garcia R, Heiss G, Vokonas PS, Offenbacher S. Periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. J Periodontol 1996 Oct;67(10 Suppl):1123-37.

2. Beck JD, Offenbacher S, Williams R, Gibbs P, Garcia R. Periodontics: a risk factor for coronary heart disease? Ann Periodontol 1998 Jul;3(1):127-41.

3. Cohen DW, Friedman LA, Shapiro J, Kyle GC, Franklin S. Diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease: two-year longitudinal observations. I. J Periodontol 1970 Dec;41(12):709-12.

4. DeStefano F, Anda RF, Kahn HS, Williamson DF, Russell CM. Dental disease and risk of coronary heart disease and mortality. BMJ 1993 Mar;306(6879):688-91.

5. Ewald, Paul W, Plague Time: How Stealth Infections Cause Cancers, Heart Disease, and Other Deadly Ailments. The Free Press, 2000.

6. Genco RJ. Periodontal disease and risk for myocardial infarction and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Rev Rep 1998;19(3):34-40.

7. Genco R, Chadda S, Grossi S, Dunford R, Taylor G, Knowler W, Pettitt D. Periodontal disease is a predictor of cardiovascular disease in a Native American population. J Dent Res 1997 Mar;76(Spec No):14-519 (abstract 3158).

8. Glavind L, Lund B, Löe H. The relationship between periodontal state and diabetes duration, insulin dosage and retinal changes. J Periodontol 1968 Nov;39(6):341-7.

9. Grossi SG, Genco RJ. Periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus: a two-way relationship. Ann Periodontol 1998 Jul;3(1):51-61.

10. Harrison R, Bowen WH. Periodontal health, dental caries, and metabolic control in insulin-dependent diabetic children and adolescents. Pediatr Dent 1987 Dec;9(4):283 6.

11. Heimdahl A, Mattson T, Dahllöf F, Lonnquist B, Ringden O. The oral cavity as a port of entry for early infections in patients treated with bone marrow transplantation. Oral Surg Oral Med Pathol 1989;68:711-6.

12. Herzberg MC, Meyer MW. Effects of oral flora on platelets: possible consequences in cardiovascular disease. J Periodontol 1996 Oct;67(10 Suppl):1138-42.

13. Herzberg MC, Meyer MW. Dental plaque, platelets, and cardiovascular diseases. Ann Periodontol 1998 Jul;3(1):151-60.

14. Herzberg MC, Brintzenhofe KL, Clawson CC. Aggregation of human platelets and adhesion of Streptococcus sanguis. Infect Immun 1983 Mar;39(3):1457-69.

15. Herzberg MC, MacFarlane GD, Liu P, Erickson PR. The platelet as an inflammatory cell in periodontal diseases: interactions with Porphyromonas gingivalis. In: Genco R, Hamada S, Lehner T, McGhee J, Mergenhagen S, editors. Molecular pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Washington: American Society for Microbiology; 1994. p. 247-55.

16. Joshipura KJ, Rimm EB, Douglass CW, Trichopoulos D, Asherio A, Willett WC. Poor oral health and coronary heart disease. J Dent Res 1996 Sep;75(9):1631-6.

17. Joshipura KJ, Ascherio A, Rimm E, Douglass CW, Willett WC. The relation between tooth loss and incidence of ischemic stroke. Circulation 1999;99:1121.

18. Kjellman O, Henriksson CO, Berghagen N, Andersson B. Oral conditions in 105 subjects with insulin-treated diabetes mellitus. Sven Tandlak Tidskr 1970 Feb;63(2):99-110.

19. Manouchehr-Pour M, Bissada NF. Periodontal disease in juvenile and adult diabetic patients: a review of the literature. J Am Dent Assoc 1983 Nov;107(5):766-70.

20. Mattila KJ, Nieminen MS, Valtonen VV, Rasi VP, Kesaniemi YA, Syrjala SL, Jungell PS, Isoluoma M, Hietaniemi K, Jokinen MJ. Association between dental health and acute myocardial infarction. BMJ 1989 Mar 25;298(6676):779-81.

21. Mattila KJ, Valtonen VV, Nieminen M, Huttunen JK. Dental infection and the risk of new coronary events: prospective study of patients with documented coronary artery disease. Clin Infect Dis 1995 Mar;20(3):588-92.

22. Mattila KJ, Asikainen S, Wolf J, Jousimies-Somer H, Valtonen VV, Nieminen M. Age, dental infections, and coronary heart disease. J Dent Res 2000;79:756-60.

23. Miller LS, Manwell MA, Newbold D, Reding ME, Rasheed A, Blodgett J, Kornman KS. The relationship between reduction in periodontal inflammation and diabetes control: a report of 9 cases. J Periodontol 1992 Oct;63(10):843-8.

24. Murrah VA. Diabetes mellitus and associated oral manifestations: a review. J Oral Pathol 1985 Apr;14(4):271-81.

25. Offenbacher S, Katz V, Fertik G, Collins J, Boyd D, Maynor G, McKaig R, Beck J. Periodontal infection as a possible risk factor for preterm low birth weight. J Periodontol 1996 Oct;67(10 Suppl):1103-13.

26. Offenbacher S, Jared HL, O¹Reilly PG, Wells SR, Salvi GE, Lawrence HP, Socransky SS, Beck JD. Potential pathogenic mechanisms of periodontitis associated pregnancy complications. Ann Periodontol 1998 Jul;3(1):233-50.

27. Oliver RC, Tervonen T. Periodontitis and tooth loss: comparing diabetics with the general population. J Am Dent Assoc 1993 Dec;124(12):71-6.

28. Oliver RC, Tervonen T. Diabetes‹a risk factor for periodontitis in adults? J Periodontol 1994 May;65(5 Suppl):530-8.

29. Pinson M, Hoffman WH, Garnick JJ, Litaker MS. Periodontal disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. J Clin Periodontol 1995 Feb;22(2):118-23.

30. Ringelberg ML, Dixon DO, Francis AO, Plummer RW. Comparison of gingival health and gingival crevicular fluid flow in children with and without diabetes. J Dent Res 1977 Feb;56(2):108-11.

31. Riviere GR, Weisz KS, Adams DF, Thomas DD. Pathogen-related oral spirochetes from dental plaque are invasive. Infect Immun 1991 Oct;59(10):3377-80.

32. Rylander H, Ramberg P, Blohme G, Lindhe J. Prevalence of periodontal disease in young diabetics. J Clin Periodontol 1987 Jan;14(1):38-43.

33. Scannapieco FA. Position paper of the American Academy of Periodontology: periodontal disease as a potential risk factor for systemic diseases. J Periodontol 1998 Jul;69(7):841-50.

34. Scannapieco FA. Role of oral bacteria in respiratory infection. J Peridontol 1999;70:793-802.

35. Scannapieco FA, Mylotte JM. Relationships between periodontal disease and bacterial pneumonia. J Periodontol 1996 Oct;67(10 Suppl):1114-22.

36. Scannapieco FA, Papandonatos GD, Dunford RG. Associations between oral conditions and respiratory disease in a national sample survey population. Ann Periodontol 1998 Jul;3(1):251-6.

37. Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, Sharrett AR, Lindberg G, Savage PJ, Offenbacher S, Azambuja MI, Tracy RP, Heiss G. Markers of inflammation and prediction of diabetes mellitus in adults (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study): a cohort study. Lancet 1999 May 15;353:1649-52.

38. Semenciw R, Morrison H, Mao Y, Johansen H, Davies JW, Wigle D. Major risk factors for cardiovascular disease mortality in adults: results from the Nutrition Canada Survey. Int J Epidemiol 1988;17:317-24.

39. Shlossman M, Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ, Genco RJ. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease. J Am Dent Assoc 1990 Oct;121(4):532-6.

40. Smith GT, Greenbaum CJ, Johnson BD, Persson GR. Short-term responses to periodontal therapy in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. J Periodontol 1996 Aug;67(8):794-802.

41. Sznajder N, Carraro JJ, Rugna S, Sereday M. Periodontal findings in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. J Periodontol 1978 Sep;49(9):445-8.

42. Szpunar SM, Ismail AI, Eklund SA. Diabetes and periodontal disease: analyses of NHANES I and HHANES. J Dent Res 1989;68(SI):164-438 (abstract 1605).

43. Taji, SS, Rogers, AH. The microbial contamination of toothbrushes. A pilot study. Australian Dental Journal 1998;43(2): 128-30.

44. Taylor GW, Burt BA, Becker MP, Genco RJ, Shlossman M, Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ. Severe periodontitis and risk for poor glycemic control in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Periodontol 1996 Oct;67(10 Suppl):1085-93.

45. Tervonen T, Karjalainen K. Periodontal disease related to diabetic status. A pilot study of the response to periodontal therapy in type 1 diabetes. J Clin Periodontol 1997 Jul;24(7):505-10.

46. Tervonen T, Knuuttila M. Relation of diabetes control to periodontal pocketing and alveolar bone level. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1986 Apr;61(4):346-9.

47. Thorstensson H, Hugoson A. Periodontal disease experience in adult long-duration insulin-dependent diabetics. J Clin Periodontol 1993 May;20(5):352-8.

48. Verran, J, Leahy-Gilmartin, AA. Investigations into the microbial contamination of toothbrushes. Microbios 1996;85(345):231-8.

49. Westfelt E, Rylander H, Blohme G, Jonasson P, Lindhe J. The effect of periodontal therapy in diabetics. Results after 5 years. J Clin Periodontol 1996 Feb;23(2):92-100.

50. Wilton JM, Griffiths GS, Curtis MA, Maiden MFJ, Gillet IR, Wilson DT, Sterne JA, Johnson NW. Detection of high-risk groups and individuals for periodontal diseases. Systemic predisposition and markers of general health. J Clin Periodontol 1988 Jul;15(6):339-46.

51. Wolf J. Dental and periodontal conditions in diabetes mellitus. A clinical and
radiographic study. Proc Finn Dent Soc 1977;73 (4-6 Suppl):1-56.

52. Wu T, Trevisan M, Genco RJ, Dorn JP, Falkner KL, Sempos CT. Periodontal disease and risk of cerebrovascular disease: a prospective study of a representative sample of U.S. adults. Am J Epidemiol 1999;149:(11)290, Suppl S Jun 1.

53. Wu TJ, Trevisan M, Genco RJ, Dorn JP, Falkner KL, Sempos CT. Examination of the relation between periodontal health status and cardiovascular risk factors: serum total and high density lipoprotein, cholesterol, C-reactive protein, and plasma fibrinogen. Am J Epidemiol 2000;151:273-82.